What is this?
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
is a virus that attacks cells (white blood cells)
that help the body fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other
infections and diseases. It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of
a person with HIV, most commonly during unprotected sex (sex without a condom
or HIV medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing injection drug
equipment.
If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome).
The human body can’t get rid of HIV and no effective HIV cure exists.
So, once you have HIV, you have it for life.
AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome) is the advanced stage of HIV infection,
characterized by severe damage to the body's immune system due to the virus.
The symptoms of HIV
vary depending on the stage of the infection.
●
Increased Infectivity: The virus spreads more easily in the
first few months after infection.
●
Lack of Symptoms: Many people may not experience symptoms initially.
●
Flu-like Symptoms: Some may develop an influenza-like
illness within a few weeks, including:
○
Fever
○
Headache
○
Rash
○
Sore
throat
●
Progressive Immune System Weakening: The virus gradually weakens the immune
system, leading to:
○
Swollen
lymph nodes
○
Weight
loss
○
Fever
○
Diarrhea
○
Cough
●
Severe Immune System Damage: Without treatment, HIV can lead to
AIDS, causing severe illnesses such as:
○
Tuberculosis
(TB)
○
Cryptococcal
meningitis
○
Severe
bacterial infections
○
Cancers,
such as lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma
●
Worsened Infections: HIV can exacerbate other infections,
including hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and mpox.
Early detection and
treatment of HIV are crucial to manage the infection and prevent progression to
AIDS.
How is it transmitted?
HIV can be
transmitted through the exchange of various body fluids from individuals living
with HIV, including blood, breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions. It can
also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy and delivery.
However, people cannot become infected through everyday contact such as
kissing, hugging, shaking hands, or sharing personal items, food, or water.
It is important to note that individuals with HIV who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and have an undetectable viral load do not transmit HIV to their sexual partners. Therefore, early access to ART and support to stay on treatment are crucial not only for improving the health of people with HIV but also for preventing HIV transmission.
There is no cure for
HIV infection. It is treated with antiretroviral drugs, which prevent the virus
from replicating in the body.
The standard
treatment for HIV involves the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART is a
combination of HIV medicines taken daily to control the virus. Here are the key
components and guidelines:
●
HIV Viral Load Test: Measures the amount of HIV in the
blood.
●
CD4 Count: Assesses the strength of the immune system.
●
Drug Resistance Testing: Identifies any resistance to HIV
medicines.
●
Other Tests: Screening for co-infections (such as hepatitis B and C),
kidney and liver function tests, and other baseline evaluations.
●
Lifelong Treatment: ART must be taken continuously and
consistently for life to keep the virus suppressed.
●
Monitoring: Regular follow-ups every 3 to 6 months to monitor viral
load, CD4 count, and overall health.
●
Consistent Medication: Strict adherence to the ART regimen is
crucial to prevent drug resistance and maintain viral suppression.
●
Support Systems: Access to medical care, counseling, and support groups
to help maintain adherence and manage side effects.
●
Immediate Start: Starting ART as soon as possible after diagnosis is
recommended for optimal outcomes.
●
Universal Treatment: All individuals diagnosed with HIV are
recommended to start ART, regardless of CD4 count.
How to avoid it?
HIV is a preventable
disease. The risk of HIV infection can be reduced by:
●
Using
a male or female condom during sex
●
Getting
tested for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections
●
Undergoing
voluntary medical male circumcision
●
Utilizing
harm reduction services for people who inject and use drugs
Doctors may also
recommend medicines and medical devices to help prevent HIV, such as:
●
Antiretroviral
drugs (ARVs), including oral PrEP and long-acting products
●
Dapivirine
vaginal rings
●
Injectable
long-acting cabotegravir
ARVs can also be used
to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
Individuals on
antiretroviral therapy (ART) who have an undetectable viral load in their blood
will not transmit HIV to their sexual partners. Access to testing and ART is
crucial in the prevention of HIV.